Water Use: (Austin) Direct Water Use is when water directly affects the action like showering or using the toilet. Indirect Water Use is when water is required for the production of the object but you may not know. Example: eggs require indirect water usage because you must feed the chickens water, soak the eggs in water, clean them, water for the workers et cetera.
Mixtures: (Homogeneous/Heterogeneous) (Hunter, Meghan C) Homogeneous Mixture: Mixtures in which the constituents (being a part of a whole) don’t appear separately. A homogeneous mixture is the same throughout. Examples:
Silver
Sugar solution when sugar is completely dissolved
Mixture of alcohol and water
A glass of orange juice
Salty water (where the salt is completely dissolved)
Potassium
Helium
Heterogeneous Mixture: Constituents appear separately. A heterogeneous mixture is not the same throughout. Examples:
Oil and water
Soil sample
Sandy water
Orange juice with pulp in it
Chicken noodle soup
Oil and vinegar
Baking Soda
Water Cycle: (Joey K, LaVar)
Diagram of the water cycle
Each term and defined as needed Nature is always moving water through the air and land, so that the water we use is constantly recycled. The water cycle includes these steps: evaporation. The sun heats water in rivers, lakes, and the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam, which then rises into the air. Condensation. The vapor cools and turns into tiny water droplets that attach to each other and form clouds. Precipitation. Water falls from the clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Runoff. Some water stays on the earth’s surface and flows into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc. Percolation. Other water seeps down into the earth’s natural underground reservoirs called aquifers. Then the cycle begins again, as water from the earth’s surfaceevaporates into the air.
Ionic Compounds/Formula's: (Megan V, Nick V, Caitlin)
Ionic Compounds – Substances composed of positive and negative ions
Anion – Negatively charged ion (electron is gained)
Ex Cl-
Cation – Positively charged ion (electron is lost)
Concepts: Solubility of solids and liquids
Solubility of gasses
Water dissolves in air.
Which is the solute?
Water
What is the Solvent?
Air
The lower the pressure the less soluble in a liquid
The higher the pressure the more soluble it is
Gasses are more soluble at a colder temperature
Solubility of Solids
Has a higher solubility when temperature increases.
Example: When sugar dissolves in coffee
Salt dissolved in water
Graph Analysis
Example questions
With the Graph above answer the questions.
1. What is the Temperature of NaCL at 40 per100g H2O?
2. What is the solubility of Kl at 20 degrees C?
3.What is the Temperature of KCL at 50 per100g H2O? hi
Density: (Katie, Siana)
Concepts: Formula
Provide questions and answers of calculations
Substance
Density
(g/cm3))
Substance
Density
(g/cm3)
Oxygen
0.00133
Aluminum
2.70
Hydrogen
0.000084
Iron
7.87
Ethanol
0.785
Copper
8.96
Benzene
0.880
Sliver
10.5
Water
1.000
Lead
11.34
Magnesium
1.74
Mercury
13.6
Salt (sodium chloride)
2.16
Gold
19.32z
DIRECTIONS: use the chart to complete numbers 1 & 2.
1) Find the mass of piece or magnesium that displaces 8.5 ml of water.
M=VxD
M=8.5d
M=8.5 (14.79)
2) What is the volume of a 25 gram piece of silver at 20 degrees Celsius.
V= M/D
V= 25/20
V=1.35
Density problems
1) what is the density of a substance that has a mass of 28 grams and a volume of 2.5 mL? will it float in water? D= M/V 2.5/28 = 11.2
Will not float in water because it is more them 1.
2) what is the density of a substance that has a mass of 59 grams and a volume of 74cm3? Will it float in water? D=M/V 59g/74cm3= .79g/cm3
It will float in water because it is less then .1
3) If the density of a substance is 19.3g/mL and the mass is 55 grams, what is the volume of the substance? Will it float? 19.3=55/V 19.3V=55 /19.3 /19.3 V=2.84
PH Scale and examples: (Sasha, Allison)
Lead/Mercury: (Matt D, Nick C)
Lead is a cadion it is ether 2+ or +4 first used in 6400 BCE. Early Bronze Age in Turkey. First industrial uses by the Romans for piping. To prevent lead they coated the lead with lime stone Lead is Nero toxic. Causes kidney damage, brain damage, diminished learning abilities in children. Behavior problems such as - aggression in children, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior. Memory lose, head aces, seizers Hearing lose, and Brain swelling
Mercury is number 80 and the symbol is Hg. Mercury’s atomic weight is 200.59 and is classified as a transition metal. It is a cation with a charge of +1 or +2. Mercury can be frozen at -38.85C and can be boiled at 365.6C. Mercury is a liquid and can be found in fish and in thermometers. Mercury can cause Methyl mercury, Elemental (metallic) mercury, and Inorganic mercury. All of these can be harmful to humans
Water Purification: (Nick M, Ryan O)
Americans drank 5 billion gallons of bottled water in 2001.
Bottled water is regulated under the FD&C Act.
In tap water, the legal limit for lead is 15ppb.
CGMP stands for Current good manufacturing practices.
Sand Filtration – Removes all the rest of any suspended particles.
Water testing lab: (Mallory, Alexis, Chelsea)
Dissolved Oxygen: When we tested the content of D.O. in the stream water, our results showed that there was only 2 ppm. This is an extremely low amount of D.O. for such cold water. It’s possible that the low amounts of D.O. are being affected by the amount of phosphates in the water. Since there isn’t a low of dissolved oxygen in the water, it could affect the life of the aquatic animals. The more D.O. there is, the better it is for the aquatic life.
Nitrates: In the water from behind Pascack Valley, there is only 0.052 ppm of nitrates. Nitrates are found in the protein molecules of all animals. There are two main explanations for the possible nitrate levels in the water. The first being that many animals could be dying and decomposing near or in the water. Another explanation, also a more reasonable one, there is runoff from grounds that had fertilizers which could have drained into the water supply. If the nitrate levels get too high, it can affect our blood’s ability to carry oxygen. Reasonable levels of nitrate are 5 or less, which means the water from the stream doesn’t excessive amounts of nitrate.
pH:
Measure of how acidic the water is.
pH scale ranges from 0 (strong acid) to 14 (strong base), with 7 being neutral.
The pH of most “clean” water ranges between 6.5 and 8.2.
Most organisms must live in a very narrow pH range and will die from only slight pH changes.
pH can be affected by chemical runoff that goes into the body of water or acid rain.
A good pH is close to neutral (7).
Phosphates:
Found in DNA of almost all living organisms.
Nutrient needed for growth in plants and animals.
High levels of phosphates can lead to too much growth of plant life and bacteria in the water, which would cause a decrease in D.O.
Phosphates come from laundry detergents, fertilizers, human and animal waste, and industrial pollution.
Good phosphate results are 2 ppm or less.
Turbidity measures how clear the water is. The term turbid (meaning not clear) is typically caused by sand or silt suspended in the water. Turbid water effects aquatic life and plant photosynthesis. It interferes with plants receiving enough sunlight. Good results of turbidity are 60 JTU or less.
Water Softening Lab: (Jacqueline, Kendall)
Should include 3 methods and procedure steps We filtered using:
-sand -calgon -resin Steps:
1. Collect the necessary materials. (ring stand, ring clamp, test tubes, test tube rack, funnel, filter paper, graduated cylinder, distilled water, ivory soap, Na2CO3, sand, Calgon, and resin)
2. Pour 10 mL of distilled water through the funnel and filter paper into a test tube.
3. Pour half of the contents of the test tube (approximately 5 mL of distilled water) into a second test tube.
4. Put ten drops of Na2CO3 into the first test tube, and a drop of soap into the other. Shake well.
5. Record the results on the table.
6. Repeat steps 2-5 using hard water rather than distilled water.
7. Repeat steps 2-5 replacing the distilled water with hard water from the tap again, and sand in the filter paper.
8. Repeat steps 2-5 again using hard water and Calgon in the filter paper.
9. Repeat steps 2-5 once more using hard water and Resin in the filter paper.
Hard Water: contains ions and minerals, leaves a thick sticky residue feeling when used for showering.
Soft Water: has been filtered well and is free of any ions or minerals.
Resin worked the best because it had a larger sud population and it contained less hard water ions
Unit 1 Review
Period 6Chemistry
Water Use: (Austin)
Direct Water Use is when water directly affects the action like showering or using the toilet.
Indirect Water Use is when water is required for the production of the object but you may not know. Example: eggs require indirect water usage because you must feed the chickens water, soak the eggs in water, clean them, water for the workers et cetera.
Mixtures: (Homogeneous/Heterogeneous) (Hunter, Meghan C)
Homogeneous Mixture: Mixtures in which the constituents (being a part of a whole) don’t appear separately. A homogeneous mixture is the same throughout.
Examples:
- Silver
- Sugar solution when sugar is completely dissolved
- Mixture of alcohol and water
- A glass of orange juice
- Salty water (where the salt is completely dissolved)
- Potassium
- Helium
Heterogeneous Mixture: Constituents appear separately. A heterogeneous mixture is not the same throughout.Examples:
Water Cycle: (Joey K, LaVar)
Diagram of the water cycle
Each term and defined as needed
Nature is always moving water through the air and land, so that the water we use is constantly recycled. The water cycle includes these steps: evaporation. The sun heats water in rivers, lakes, and the ocean and turns it into vapor or steam, which then rises into the air.
Condensation. The vapor cools and turns into tiny water droplets that attach to each other and form clouds.
Precipitation. Water falls from the clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
Runoff. Some water stays on the earth’s surface and flows into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, etc.
Percolation. Other water seeps down into the earth’s natural underground reservoirs called aquifers.
Then the cycle begins again, as water from the earth’s surfaceevaporates into the air.
Ionic Compounds/Formula's: (Megan V, Nick V, Caitlin)
Cation: Ca+2 Ag+ Nh4+
Anion: O-2 Br- F-
Formula: CaO
Name: Calcium oxide
Formula: NaCl
Name Sodium Chloride
Formula: Cu(OH)2
Name: Copper Hydroxide
Solubility: (Ashley, Vinny)
Concepts: Solubility of solids and liquids
Solubility of gasses
Water dissolves in air.
Which is the solute?
Water
What is the Solvent?
Air
The lower the pressure the less soluble in a liquid
The higher the pressure the more soluble it is
Gasses are more soluble at a colder temperature
Solubility of Solids
Has a higher solubility when temperature increases.
Example: When sugar dissolves in coffee
Salt dissolved in water
Graph Analysis
Example questions
With the Graph above answer the questions.
1. What is the Temperature of NaCL at 40 per100g H2O?
2. What is the solubility of Kl at 20 degrees C?
3.What is the Temperature of KCL at 50 per100g H2O? hi
Density: (Katie, Siana)
Concepts: Formula
Provide questions and answers of calculations
(g/cm3))
(g/cm3)
DIRECTIONS: use the chart to complete numbers 1 & 2.
1) Find the mass of piece or magnesium that displaces 8.5 ml of water.
M=VxD
M=8.5d
M=8.5 (14.79)
2) What is the volume of a 25 gram piece of silver at 20 degrees Celsius.
V= M/D
V= 25/20
V=1.35
Density problems
1) what is the density of a substance that has a mass of 28 grams and a volume of 2.5 mL? will it float in water?
D= M/V
2.5/28 = 11.2
Will not float in water because it is more them 1.
2) what is the density of a substance that has a mass of 59 grams and a volume of 74cm3? Will it float in water?
D=M/V
59g/74cm3= .79g/cm3
It will float in water because it is less then .1
3) If the density of a substance is 19.3g/mL and the mass is 55 grams, what is the volume of the substance? Will it float?
19.3=55/V
19.3V=55
/19.3 /19.3
V=2.84
PH Scale and examples: (Sasha, Allison)
Lead/Mercury: (Matt D, Nick C)
Mercury is number 80 and the symbol is Hg. Mercury’s atomic weight is 200.59 and is classified as a transition metal. It is a cation with a charge of +1 or +2. Mercury can be frozen at -38.85C and can be boiled at 365.6C. Mercury is a liquid and can be found in fish and in thermometers. Mercury can cause Methyl mercury, Elemental (metallic) mercury, and Inorganic mercury. All of these can be harmful to humans
Water Purification: (Nick M, Ryan O)
Water testing lab: (Mallory, Alexis, Chelsea)
Dissolved Oxygen: When we tested the content of D.O. in the stream water, our results showed that there was only 2 ppm. This is an extremely low amount of D.O. for such cold water. It’s possible that the low amounts of D.O. are being affected by the amount of phosphates in the water. Since there isn’t a low of dissolved oxygen in the water, it could affect the life of the aquatic animals. The more D.O. there is, the better it is for the aquatic life.
Nitrates: In the water from behind Pascack Valley, there is only 0.052 ppm of nitrates. Nitrates are found in the protein molecules of all animals. There are two main explanations for the possible nitrate levels in the water. The first being that many animals could be dying and decomposing near or in the water. Another explanation, also a more reasonable one, there is runoff from grounds that had fertilizers which could have drained into the water supply. If the nitrate levels get too high, it can affect our blood’s ability to carry oxygen. Reasonable levels of nitrate are 5 or less, which means the water from the stream doesn’t excessive amounts of nitrate.
pH:
Phosphates:
Turbidity measures how clear the water is. The term turbid (meaning not clear) is typically caused by sand or silt suspended in the water. Turbid water effects aquatic life and plant photosynthesis. It interferes with plants receiving enough sunlight. Good results of turbidity are 60 JTU or less.
Water Softening Lab: (Jacqueline, Kendall)
Should include 3 methods and procedure steps
We filtered using:
-sand
-calgon
-resin
Steps:
1. Collect the necessary materials. (ring stand, ring clamp, test tubes, test tube rack, funnel, filter paper, graduated cylinder, distilled water, ivory soap, Na2CO3, sand, Calgon, and resin)
2. Pour 10 mL of distilled water through the funnel and filter paper into a test tube.
3. Pour half of the contents of the test tube (approximately 5 mL of distilled water) into a second test tube.
4. Put ten drops of Na2CO3 into the first test tube, and a drop of soap into the other. Shake well.
5. Record the results on the table.
6. Repeat steps 2-5 using hard water rather than distilled water.
7. Repeat steps 2-5 replacing the distilled water with hard water from the tap again, and sand in the filter paper.
8. Repeat steps 2-5 again using hard water and Calgon in the filter paper.
9. Repeat steps 2-5 once more using hard water and Resin in the filter paper.
Hard Water: contains ions and minerals, leaves a thick sticky residue feeling when used for showering.
Soft Water: has been filtered well and is free of any ions or minerals.
Resin worked the best because it had a larger sud population and it contained less hard water ions